The progress of Artificial Intelligence (with corresponding hardware) represents the largest opportunity for human quality of living since the development of agriculture and hand washing. Aside from theoretical possibilities, there are many recently available artificial intelligence models and engines that have beneficial, current use cases.

Generalized AI

While AI already has spectacular results within a limited scope, I don't believe generalized AI will be possible on binary systems. The raw computing power required to mimic generalized human intelligence will require quantum computing. Once we have production quantum computers available for AI researchers, technical potential is unimaginable.